Judaeo-Spanish is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. In Israel, Judaeo-Spanish is commonly referred to as Ladino, and it is known locally as Judezmo, Espanyol, Djudeo-Espanyol, Djudezmo, and Spaniolit, among others. As a Jewish language, it is primarily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic, but it is also influenced by Arabic, Turkish, and to lesser extents, Greek and other languages of Sephardic exiles around the world, primarily throughout the Ottoman Empire.
Japanese (日本語 Nihongo) is a language spoken by over 120 million people in Japan and in Japanese immigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic (or Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists.
Irish, or Gaeilge, is one of two official languages in the Republic of Ireland, with English being the second. The number of native speakers, however, is relatively small -- approximately 1% of the population, or 30,000 people, speak Irish. Traditionally, the Irish language has been spoken most widely in separate communities along the west coast, clustered around small towns and villages such as Gaoth Dobhair (Co. Donegal), An Spidéal and Rosmuc (Co. Galway), and Dún Chaoin (Co. Kerry). Other centers of Irish speakers are An Rinn (Co.
Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), a form of Malay, is spoken in Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language, a language family that extends across the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The term “Indonesian” is more political than linguistic, as Indonesian Malay is extremely similar to the Malay spoken in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. It is also an important native language in the southern provinces of Thailand, in East Timor, and among the Malay people of Australia’s Cocos Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean.
The term "Igbo" often denotes community or the inhabited world, as in the expression, "Igbo bia lere (world or whole community, come see!)!" The Igbo language has dozens of geographical dialects and belongs to the Niger-Congo family / Benue-Congo group of languages. It is also the second most populous indigenous language of southern Nigeria.
Hungarian (Magyar) is an official language of Hungary, spoken by 10.5 million people (98% of the population). Substantial populations of speakers are also found in adjacent countries: Romania (2 million); the Czech and Slovak Republics (600,000); the former Yugoslavia (450,000); Ukraine (170,000); and Israel (150,000). A significant number of speakers live in the US (450,000) and smaller populations--under 20 thousand--live in Slovenia, Canada, and Austria.
Filipino is one of the major languages spoken in the Philippines, mostly by people from the Tagalog regions on the main island of Luzon. It is the lingua franca in Metro Manila, the capital region of the country. It also serves as a base for Filipino, one of the two official languages of the Philippines (along with English).
Penn Language Center offers courses in Mandarin Chinese for Specific Purposes. Additional Chinese courses at the University of Pennsylvania are organized by the Penn Chinese Language Program in the Department of East Asian Languages & Civilizations.
Chewa, also known as Nyanja, is a language of the Bantu language family. The gender prefix chi- is used for languages, so the language is also known as Chichewa and Chinyanja.
Bengali (Bangla) is the essence and pride of all Bengal, no matter where its speakers reside or the number of years spent away from West Bengal (India) or Bangladesh, the two places where Bengali is a native language. While India has about 67 million Bengali speakers, its neighbor Bangladesh has approximately 100 million speakers. These figures do not indicate the entire population of Bengalis, as many speakers reside in various other countries. For instance, the UAE has about 70,000 Bengali speakers, and the US has a far greater number.
